Case Notes Employment Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2191 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Employment Essay Did you like this example? Case Notes Nicholas Sheridan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ref NS1 Background I had a meeting today with Nicolas Sheridan Tuesday the 5th of October 2013. Nicholas is in full time permanent employment with Home Securities. He made an appointment today in relation to concerns he has about his job security with his employer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Home Securitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Case Notes Employment Law" essay for you Create order Nicolas talked me through his work, his duties and the hours he works. He brought to my attention his working conditions and his working environment. As a result of his environment and excessive working hours he has had to seek medical help in dealing with theses issues and subsequently has been diagnosed as suffering with depression and anxiety. He believes this can be attributed to his working conditions and the excessively long hours he works mostly by himself. He mentioned he has to put in the extra hours on a regular basis over and above what his contract states. Nicholas mentioned that due to the recent diagnosis of depression he has had to take several weeks off work to recuperate and he is concerned as his employers do not appear to be happy with the amount of time he has had off. As Nicolas has been diagnosed with depression this is classed as a disability. Under the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Employment Equality Acts [1998 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2011]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  it details in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Section (a) For the purposes of this Act, a person who has a disability shall not be regarded as other than fully competent to undertake, and fully capable of undertaking, any duties if, with the assistance of special treatment or facilities, such person would be fully competent to undertake, and be fully capable of undertaking, those dutiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An employer shall do all that is reasonable to accommodate the needs of a person who has a disability by providing special treatment or facilities to which paragraph (a) relates.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Based on this his employer will have to put Nicolas back on day shifts and reduce the amount of hours. It cannot be deemed as unreasonable to work on the day shift to accommodate his illness since there are day shifts available. Nicolas mentioned there are companies they work for where two or more security guards are required so he could be put on a shift where he is not isolated. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A refusal or failure to provide for special treatment or facilities to which paragraph (a) relates shall not be deemed reasonable unless such provision would give rise to a cost, other than a nominal cost, to the employer.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There should be no cost to the employer to put Nicolas on day shifts and reduce the amount of hours he works and to put him on a shift where he works with other security guards. When looking at point B above and the information that Nicolas has provided I can also refer him to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Organisation of working time Act ( 1997)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In this Act working time is referred to as time spent at employers disposal carrying out duties or tasks and is limited to a maximum of forty eight hours per hours per week with some shifts in the week including mandatory breaks with defined rest periods. My client has shown me his time sheets which confirms he regularly works in excess of sixty hours per week. I noted some shifts are in excess of 12 hours each. This is in direct violation of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Organisation of working time Act ( 1997)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in the act is states in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Section 15.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ (1) An employer shall not permit an employee to work, in each period of 7 days, more than an average of 48 hours, that is to say an average of 48 hours calculated over a period (hereafter in this section referred to as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reference period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) that does not exceedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  4 months, or 6 monthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  (i) in the case of an employee employed in an activity referred to in paragraph 2, point 2.1. of Article 17 of the Council Directive, or (ii)where due to any matter referred to in section 5 , it would not be practicable (if a reference period not exceeding 4 months were to apply in relation to the employee) for the employer to comply with this subsectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  From the case history I can agree that his medical condition is closely linked to his working environment. Nicolas is suffering from depression that has been confirmed by his GP. In light of this I also reviewed the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, (2005)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  where this also mentions that depression falls under the umbrella of a disability This Act obligates employers to ensure they do everything reasonably practicable to ensure the safety, welfare and health of their employees. In light of this I asked Nicolas had he informed his employer that that the stress he was under was related to his work environment and the shifts he was put on and he advised me no he did not. He advised me that the certificate from the GP stated that he was unfit for work and that it did not specify that he had mental health issues. I referred him to the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Barber (Appellant) v. Somerset County Council (Respondents)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  where in paragraph 43 in the judgment from Lord Justice Hale she detailed a number of practical propositions applicable to cases where complaint is made of psychiatric illness brought about by stress at workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . I can link her judgment directly linked to Nicolasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(3)Foreseeability depends upon what the employer knows (or ought reasonably to know) about the individual employee. Because of the nature of mental disorder it is harder to foresee than physical injury, but may be easier to foresee in a known individual than in the population at large à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ An employer is usually entitled to assume that the employee can withstand the normal pressures of the job unless he knows of some parti cular problem or vulnerability.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Based on this comment from Lord Justice Hale Nicolas needs to inform his employer of his mental health issues however he has complained about the excessive working hours. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(7)To trigger a duty to take steps, the indications of impending harm to health arising from stress at work must be plain enough for any reasonable employer to realise that he should do something about ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  I asked Nicolasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s would his employer know he was stressed at work and he said no as he works alone on the night shift and his employer would not see him. I asked had he communicated to his line manager about being stressed and he said no but that he has complained about the excessive working hours. I referred him to the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Intel Incorporation (UK) Ltd v Daw, Court of Appeal [2007]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In this case the employee did not let the employer know she was stressed but she did complain about the work load and the employer made no attempts to reduce her workload as a result they were found liable and Mrs Daw was awarded  £114,764 plus interest. The employer was deemed to have failed in their duty of care to Mrs Daw. This again can be seen in the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Dickens v O2 PLC [2008]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Again in this case the employee complained of being overworked and her pleas were ignored and she was signed off on anxiety and depression (recognised disabilities). This employee was awarded in excessive of  £100,000. Based on the above there is a clear duty of care owed to Nicolas from his employer. Reviewing the information provide to me and the review I have done on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Employment Equality Acts [1998 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2011]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which lends itself due to the circumstances to the , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, (2005)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Organisation of working time Act ( 1997)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  I have made the following suggestion to Nicolas (1) Firstly he needs to approaches his employer make them aware of his condition. (2) He needs to request that he be put on the day shift where there are other employees on the same shift (3) His workings hours are to be reduced in line with what was set out in his contract of employment. Failing I mentioned to him that his employer has the right to refer him to a medical practitioner nominated by the company at any stage to verify his illness. The basis of this referral has to be made clear to the employee. Case Notes Carrie Kiernan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ref CK1 Background I had a meeting with Carrie Kiernan on Wednesday 1t of September 2013 regarding her pregnancy and her employment with Home Securities. Carrie is currently 15 weeks pregnant and she works in a physical job. Carrie is currently employed as a CCTV camera installer and repairer. I asked Carrie to give me a breakdown of he r daily duties and working conditions. Carries starts work at 7.30am daily Monday to Friday and finished at 5-5.30 pm. Her day includes the installation of CCTV cameras and any hard ware associated with the equipment. To install the cameras Carrie has to use scissor lifts, cherry pickers, safety harness and ladders to access the areas where cameraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s have to be installed. Carries job on occasion also involves her having to access enclosed spaces to run cables and installations accessories. Carries wants to know where she stands in regards to job security when she is no longer physically able to perform her duties detailed in her contract of employment as her pregnancy progresses. After reviewing the Maternity Protection Act (1994 to 2004) I ascertained that the employer will have to perform a rick assessment on if not already done detailing Carrie duties and work environment to ascertain what the risks are to Carrieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Health and Safety and w ell being in her normal day to day duties. I advised Carrie that until I see this assessment I cannot advise her fully. I referred her to the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Susanne Bunning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"v- GT Bunning and Sonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that is not enough for her employers to perform a generic risk assessment as in this case it was ruled the Tribunal said (at paragraph 31): Taken as a whole, we consider the risk assessment to be a superficial and cursory one, inadequate as a generic assessment of risk and bearing no indication that it paid any particular regard to the needs of a woman of child-bearing age. I also referred Carrie to the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Collins V First Quench Ltd [ 31 January 2003]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  where Mrs Collins successfully sued for  £179,000 because her employer failed to carry out a risk assessment and failed to ensure she was not harmed during her work under i.e safe from attack à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“under Regulation 3 of the Management of Hea lth and Safety at work Regulations 1999à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  However in the meantime I advised Carrie that under the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Maternity Protection Act (1994 to 2004)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  she is obliged to let her employer know 4 weeks before she plans on going on maternity leave. I advised Carrie that in light of her current duties that she should advise her employer as soon as reasonable practical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" section 9 para 1(a) of the act requires her to furnish them with a medical certificate to confirm the pregnancy. I advised Carrie that because of her qualification and the nature of her work if the risk assessment she couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t work in her current position and they could not find her work in another department within the company she have to take health and safety leave as laid out in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Maternity Protection Act (1994 to 2004) Section 18 paragraph 1 A Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  it states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“that the employee cannot be moved on a duly sustained grounds and that the work in which the employer proposes is not suitableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  meaning that they cannot put Carrie in work that is not suitable for her. If Carrie has to apply for the Health and Safety leave the employer is obliged[CK1] to pay full salary /wages for the first three weeks and to provide certification after to acknowledge that is leave under the Health and Safety Leave section 18 2 AB . It should be noted that the company must first try to place Carrie in suitable work to avoid unnecessary leave if this situation arises. In relation to the period up to the birth of her child and subsequent maternity leave Carrie if she availed of the Health and Safety benefit she would be paid Health and Safety benefit and paid her normal salary/ wage as it is stated in her contract of employment with Home Securities. This cannot be disputed as it is stated in the Maternity protection Act. Per à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Section 22 subsection 1(a) and Employee on mate rnity (protected leave)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Maternity Protection Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  I also informed Carrie that if she had to avail of this leave it cannot be treated as being absent from employment and must be included in payment if contractual and also paid for any accumulated leave of public holidays accrued whilst on she is Maternity leave. In summary my advice to Carrie is to notify her employer of her pregnancy all antenatal appointments. Carrie is also to request the health and Safety assessment they performed for women of childbearing age in that work environment and if it not prepared for one to be prepared for her. If it is deemed her work would put her in danger they can (a) offer her alternative role or if not she can (b) avail of Health and Safety leave. [CK1]

Integrating Risk Management And Management Control

Integrating risk management (RM) and management control together has been considered as a significantly essential approach to bring about high quality of RM. This idea has been developed since the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) published integrated framework for internal control in 1992. Ten yeas later, Section 404 compliance, which is part of Sarbanses-Oxley Act, was enacted in 2002 for the purpose of reviewing and reporting on effectiveness of internal control. In 2004, COSO also released Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), which is a framework to realize establishment of internal control and compliance with Section 404. As an initial step in developing risk management capability, this begins by†¦show more content†¦Additionally, it makes sure to keep financial reporting reliable in order not to face unnecessary trouble, such as fraud. Not only that, ensuring that enterprises follow laws and regulations thoroughly is also an essential part of this. If this is not put in place enough, organizations are very likely to damage their reputation, which is considered to be one of potential risks for them. Hence, it is clear that internal control could act as a regulator to minimize risks, which means establishing and maintaining proper internal control could be an effective way to constantly benefit from outcomes of RM. 2.2. The Coso Cube Among five interrelated factors composing internal control (Figure1: The COSO Cube), there is monitoring. This is mainly conducted by internal and external auditors to assess whether implemented internal control are functioning properly and effectively. In the course of this ongoing monitoring, if some deficiencies are to be discovered, then auditors report upstream to managers and the board. Compared with internal auditors, external auditors could bring about more

Management Research Marks And Spencer Essay Example For Students

Management Research Marks And Spencer Essay ManagementPast StructureMarks and Spencer used to be structured under a Functional or U-Form design which works by breaking the company into departments like operations, marketing, finance, human resources, and research and development. This design works well with smaller companies but with bigger companies there is too much information for the top manager to handle and deal with. This is exactly what happened to Marks and Spencer. In 1991, Sir Richard Greenbury took over Marks and Spencer for seven years and structured the company to fit the Functional design. He made the company very aristocratic and rigid where by â€Å"Head office knows best† (The Economist). This created an atmosphere where by the company focused on their products instead of focusing on their customers. Although Marks and Spencer grew and made huge profits within this time, in 1998 their profits fell very quickly and sharply. Marks and Spencer closed a chain of stores which they owned in Canada and rumours were spreading that they would also close two chains of stores which they owned in the United States. The combination of Marks and Spencer’s quick expansions and the aristocratic rule had definite visible implications on Marks and Spencer’s well-being. The combination of Marks and Spencer’s aristocratic rule and structure just couldn’t handle everything that was going on. Another one of Marks and Spencer’s weaknesses stemmed from their heavy reliance on inside promotions. The company would hire college students and have them work their way up the ladder. Very rarely did the company hire outside candidate for senior positions. This prevented outside innovations from coming into the organisation. Reformed StructureIn 1998 Marks and Spencer needed to do something drastic because it was losing out on its market share and their reputation was going down the tubes. The company decided it was time to restructure. The new structure of Marks and Spencer would be more like the Conglomerate or H-Form design. In this design the organisation is set up basically as a holding company comprised of unrelated products. The new Marks and Spencer would have seven different business units: women’s swear, men’s wear, lingerie, children’s wear, food, beauty, and home. This would allow the company to create a more flexible structure which could respond to the fast changing environment. This flexible structure would give autonomy to individual business units helping them tailor to their customers better. Marks and Spencer would no longer operate under the â€Å"head office knows best† principle and would give the customers what they really wanted. Another change was also made in the management of the company. At first, Peter Salsbury took over Marks and Spencer after Sir Richard Greensbury resigned and currently Luc Vandevelde heads the company. The company’s head management is running under a short term strategy in order to find someone who can lift Marks and Spencer out the hole. Luc Vandevelde came to the company in May 2000 and will stay on for a year unless he can turn the profits around. To help him out, Roger Holmes, an expert in profit turnaround and customer-focused organisational change, will also join Marks and Spencer in January of 2001 as executive director. The only problem facing the two is that neither have much experience in retailing food or clothing so if they can’t turn profits around, the company board will look to acquire a top level manager from Wal-Mart, the worlds largest retailer.Business Essays

Types of halogen compound Essay Example

Types of halogen compound Paper The purpose of this experiment is to find out how the rate of hydrolysis of an organic halogen compound depends on: a the identity of the halogen atom. b the nature of the carbon-hydrogen skeleton. Theory Experiment: In this experiment, the rate of hydrolysis of 1-chlorobutanne, 1-bomobutane, 1-iodobutane, Chlorobenzene is compared. A general equation for the hydrolysis is: R-X + H2O R-OH + H+ + X- (Where R = alkyl or aryl group; X= halogen atom) Hydrolysis of organic halogen compounds is a nucleophilic substitution reaction. In a nucleophilic substitution a lone pair of electron on a nucleophile, H2Ois attracted to a carbon atom, with a partial positive charge. The nucleophile is then substituted for the atom or group attached to the carbon atom. Since halide ions are being substituted out. By following the rate of the reaction by carrying it out in the presence of silver ions, so that any halide ions produced form a silver halide precipitate. Ag+(aq) + X-(aq) AgX(s) By comparing the time for appearance of precipitate, we can compare the rate of hydrolysis. The smaller the time needed, the faster the rate of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a certain molecule is split into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. One fragment of the parent molecule gains a hydrogen ion (H+) from the additional water molecule. The other group collects the remaining hydroxyl group (OH-). Types of halogen compound We will write a custom essay sample on Types of halogen compound specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Types of halogen compound specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Types of halogen compound specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Haloalkanes: organic compounds having one or more halogen atoms replacing hydrogen atoms in alkanes. The general formula of haloalkanes: CnH2n+1X. Classification of haloalkanes: Halobenzenes- organic compounds in which the halogen atom is directly attached to a benzene ring. Physical property: halogen compound has a little higher boiling point that corresponding alkane of comparable molecular mass. This is due to the dipole-dipole attraction between the molecules which is much stronger the the van der waals force held between alkane molecules. They are insoluble in water due to the inability to form extensive H-bond with water molecules. Chemical properties The features of the molecules of haloganoalkanes which make them susceptible to nucleophilic substitution: Owing to the high electronegativity of halogens, the C-X bond is highly polar. The polarization of the C-X bond makes the electron deficient carbon atom susceptible to attack by a electron rich nucleophile. Halogen atom can form a stable leaving ion.

Making an Argument about War

Making an Argument about War War historians, political analysts and researchers have demonstrated evidence that war is as old as mankind. In prehistoric era, civilizations used to engage in armed conflict fueled by factors such as population pressure, consolidation of geographical areas and conflict over resources (McPherson 12).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Making an Argument about War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Presently, countries still engage in war for many other reasons that were absent during the prehistoric era, such as fighting terrorism, driving dictatorial political regimes out of power, and stopping other countries from developing weapons of mass destruction. Debate has been wide-ranging about the necessity of war in the 21st century, with anti-war advocates arguing that war is not a necessary ingredient to the progression of man (Landry para. 3), while war supporters counteract by arguing that war is necessary for the advan cement and stability of the world. It is against this background that this paper aims to outline arguments demonstrating that war is still necessary in the 21st century despite its social, economic and political costs. It is indeed true that acts of war unnecessarily claim many innocent lives, particularly civilians who are caught in the crossfire and who have absolutely nothing to do with the war. The U.S. invasion of Iraq to dislodge Saddam Hussein bears witness to this fact as thousands of innocent Iraqis lost their lives while many more were maimed. The economic cost of the Second Gulf War is hard to quantify for both the invaders and the aggressed nation. But from the utilitarian perspective, the Iraq war is justified since it achieved a greater good to a large number of Iraqis, not mentioning that the world in general and the Middle East in particular became more stable after Saddam was dethroned and a new political order instituted (McPherson 15). Today, many more Iraqis enjo y a whole new range of freedoms and rights that they could not dare to ask under the dictatorial leadership of Saddam Hussein. Consequently, this war was justified by the virtue of the fact that most Iraqis can now enjoy their democratic rights and human rights, and people are no longer coerced to live in fear. Some political leaders, especially in Africa, have been known to refuse to hand over power even after serving as presidents for decades. Recently, the world learned with shock how Tunisians have been subjected to the same president, Ben Ali, for over two-and-half decades.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Presently, NATO forces are engaged in removing yet another political demagogue in the name of Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, who has been in power for over four decades but has flatly refused to cede power. Using the jus ad bellum (just cause) perspective (Suzuki 3), it can be argued that NATO forces are justified to participate in such a war that will benefit Libyans, economically, socially, and politically, once the heavy lid of the their dictatorial president is lifted. However, necessary caution need to be taken when progressing such an offensive to ensure that Gaddafi soldiers and his military installations, not civilians, become the target of the NATO bombings. This will make the military campaign and any other military campaigns undertaken to dislodge static and unyielding political regimes more justified, permissible and valid. The U.S. is currently engaged in undertaking preemptive attacks against terrorist targets in Afghanistan, Iraq and in other parts of the world. Critics, human rights activists and other lobby groups have criticized these preemptive attacks, arguing that they only contribute to loss of lives and destruction of infrastructure. It would be irresponsible to support this line of argument while turning a blind eye on wh at befell innocent Americans in the infamous 9/11 terrorist attacks on U.S. soil. According to the consequentialism view, the U.S., and indeed any other country, is justified to wage war on terrorists using preemptive attacks to destabilize the terror networks since such a policy will occasion the best overall balance of good over bad (Suzuki 9). Although it’s sad that a few innocent lives are lost during such preemptive attacks, the desire to prevent hundreds or even thousands of innocent lives that these terrorists are waiting with baited breadth to decimate renders justification to the war. Lastly, some countries are known to attack their neighbors with a view to forcefully extract precious natural resources from them. It can be remembered that Iraq under Saddam Hussein attacked Kuwait for her gas, while Uganda, located in Africa, sent her troops to the Democratic Republic of Congo to forcefully extract gold and diamonds. In such invasions, the aggressed states are justifi ed to go to war against the aggressors to protect their resources. Borrowing from the traditional view, â€Å"†¦war is permissible if and only if it is fought as being necessary to defend the attacked party from aggression† (Suzuki 5). It is therefore irresponsible for an aggressed state to sit back and watch her civilians being massacred by an aggressor who is only interested in extracting or ‘stealing’ resources for enrichment. To conclude, this paper has comprehensively engaged the utilitarian, just cause, consequentialist, and traditional perspectives to justify that war is still necessary in modern times. It is a well known fact that war initiates violence, which is generally impermissible in its nature and scope (Suzuki 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Making an Argument about War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasons given for going to war, however, weigh heavily on the purs uit of a peaceful and stable world. Leaders and countries therefore need to be particularly careful not to tamper with factors, conditions or situations that may render justification to war. Landry, P. â€Å"On War.† 2011. Retrieved from blupete.com/Literature/Essays/BluePete/War.htm McPherson, J.M. This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007 Suzuki, M. War and Massacre. 2006

The Best Sales Campaign Ideas Templates to Increase Your Revenue

The Best Sales Campaign Ideas Templates to Increase Your Revenue It’d be great if everyone always wanted to pay full price for your product  or service, but this isn’t the reality most marketers face. Enter the sales campaign. At various times during the year, a strategically planned sales or promotional campaign can boost revenue and move your business from the red to the black. *Fun Fact* Many believe that’s where â€Å"Black Friday† got its name. The promotions on that day generate so much revenue, that retailers are pushed into the black for the year. In this post, you’ll find everything you need to plan your next sales or promotional campaign, including 19 real-life promotional campaigns to draw inspiration from and four downloadable templates to help plan your next sales campaign. Download These Sales Campaign Templates to Get Started Sales campaigns have a lot of moving pieces and are no cake walk to plan. You’ll need quite a few people to help make this campaign a reality, so download these templates to make your job a little easier. Here’s a list of what templates are included in the download: A Creative Brief Template  to clarify the high-level parts of your campaign. A Team Huddle PowerPoint Template  to get team buy-in. A Campaign Planning Spreadsheet  to get everything in order. A Marketing Calendar Template  to set and meet all your deadlines. Table of Contents Welcome Bonus  Discount Promo Ideas Buy One Get One (BOGO) Sales Campaign Ideas Buy More, Save More Sales Campaign Ideas Customer Loyalty Sales Campaign Ideas Rebate Sales Campaign Ideas Exchange / Upgrade Sales Promotion Ideas Influencer Discount Campaign Ideas Abandoned Cart Discount Ideas What is a Sales Campaign A sales campaign is a great way to increase demand for your product in a short amount of time. The purpose of the campaign is to inch existing leads  closer to making their purchase. If someone is sitting on the fence unsure if they will buy, a sales campaign will likely nudge them toward finalizing their purchase. The average promotional campaign usually takes a multi-channel approach and runs for a limited time only. This sense of urgency motivates prospective buyers to move quickly throughout the marketing funnel. Why? Well, according to RetailMeNot, 81% of Americans  say finding a great offer or discount is on their mind throughout the entire purchase journey. So as someone navigates their way through the marketing funnel, they’re always on the lookout for price drops and promotions. This is especially true for big-ticket purchases and those that fall under wants, rather than needs.

To what extent has disintermediation helped decrease the transaction Essay

To what extent has disintermediation helped decrease the transaction risk of purchasing items by consumers - Essay Example Previously the facilitators and gatekeepers were known as knowledge brokers or intermediaries. Disintermediation has changed the role of historical knowledge brokers and the traditional knowledge. Companies can deal with the customers directly through online process instead of involving traditional intermediaries. This leads to the reduction of operation cost while serving customers. It can help companies to sell products directly to the customers in an economical way. The transaction risk of purchasing items can be decreased by the introduction of disintermediation. This essay highlights the application of disintermediation and its importance in reducing transaction risks. E-commerce can be considered as an essential mode of purchasing and selling of goods and services. In this modern era of globalisation and technological advancement, each and every multinational organisation is trying to purchase business resources and sell finished products to end-customers online in order to reduce business operation cost. Disintermediation can be defined as the elimination process of monetary intermediaries. In the 20th century, several organisations used to depend upon the activities of brokers and intermediaries in order to sell their products and services. Organisations had to pay a certain amount of commission to these brokers against the percentage of goods sold. It actually increased the business operation cost of the organisations. Slowly and gradually the management of several leading organisations introduced e-commerce business concept in order to communicate directly with their customers. It eliminated the necessity of brokers. Therefore, the organisations succeeded to reduce additional business operation cost. The involvement of several traditional intermediaries can create transaction risks as these brokers can do some wrong activities with the personal information of customers. Therefore, disintermediation can help

Anotated Biography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anotated Biography - Research Paper Example He presents his experiment on the cadets of Israeli Air force flight school to support his argument. The paper gives an experimental insight into the use of simulation in training which will help develop a methodology for research Gonzales and Cathcart give a factual account of how human nature adapts itself to learning. What are the problems encountered and how the brain evolves eventually? This will be very useful in the literature review of our research as it will help find a co-relation between development and simulation/training. Salas explains how PC-based simulation games can be used to exploit the student’s cognitive skills in various real world domains. This work will be helpful in the research as it seeks to provide various ways in which simulation can be used in training teachers. The paper explores the use of PC-Based simulations in air crew coordination. How valid it is, how safe it is and in what way is it better. It provides some valid points which will be useful in the research. In this paper Kincaid draws comparison between the effectiveness of tradition and simulation based training in medicine. He and his colleagues came to this conclusion that simulation and simulators are being used without regard for cognition, design and training. This will be very useful in the critical analysis part of the paper. In this paper Kincaid draws comparison between the effectiveness of tradition and simulation based training in medicine. He and his colleagues came to this conclusion that simulation and simulators are being used without regard for cognition, design and training. This will be very useful in the critical analysis part of the paper. Kohn, Linda, T, Carrigan, , & Janet, (2000). To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health Sys-tem, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Retrieved 15th July 2010, from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9728&page=R1 This is a detailed elaborate

Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts of the Literature Review Essay Example for Free

Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts of the Literature Review Essay The introductory section should describe the topic (problem area, guiding concept, theme or research question or problem) that is being reviewed. Aim for an â€Å"eye catching opening sentence†. Sometimes this is a dramatic expression of a number to catch the reader’s attention such as the prevalence of a disease, crime rate, school drop out rate, or sales volume. Be sure the topic is focused on the literature that will be reported. Briefly define the key concepts. Introduce these immediately. The topic should be sufficiently focused to permit an in-depth, substantial investigation, relevant to an area of advanced study/global leadership that guides a range of inquiry, results in an extensive search of scholarly literature, and generation of questions for further inquiry. The purpose of a literature review is presented in the introduction. Bourner (1996) reports the following Purposes – of a literature review – (reasons for a review of the literature) before embarking on a research project. These reasons include: †¢ to identify gaps in the literature  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ to avoid reinventing the wheel (at the very least this will save time and it can stop you from making the same mistakes as others) †¢ to carry on from where others have already reached (reviewing the field allows you to build on the platform of existing knowledge and ideas) †¢ to identify other people working in the same fields (a researcher network is a valuable resource) †¢ to increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject area †¢ to identify seminal works in your area †¢ to provide the intellectual context for your own work, enabling you to position your project relative to other work †¢ to identify opposing views †¢ to put your work into perspective †¢ to demonstrate that you can access previous work in an area †¢ to identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your project †¢ to identify methods that could be relevant to your project Bourner, T. (1996). The research process: Four steps to success in T. Greenfield (Ed. ), Research methods: Guidance for postgraduates (pp. 7-11). London: Arnold. Retrieved 8-13-02 from Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology RMIT University http://www. lib. rmit. edu. au/tutorials/literature/litrev. html As you attempt to define concepts (variables) and their relationships to other variables, if applicable, identify causal (independent) variables and effects (dependent variables). You may also identify other variables that can be contextual, intervening, or mediating (see Creswell, pp. 94-95 or other texts). After you introduce the topic area properly (instructions follow), you will develop a succinct one-sentence purpose of the review. Three examples of a concluding purpose statement in the overview are: Example 1: The purpose of this review is to critically analyze the theoretical and empirical literature on web-based instruction as an instructional method in distance education, with an emphasis on effectiveness studies that focus on instructional effectiveness, student learning outcomes, retention, student perceptions of this method of course delivery, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is â€Å"instructional method of web-based instruction† and the effects (dependent variable) are instructional effectiveness, student learning outcomes, retention, and student perceptions. Example 2: The purpose of this critical analysis of theoretical and empirical literature is to (a) examine historical and current literature to evaluate whether gender workplace bias exists; (b) explore the impact such a bias would have on women in the workplace, specifically women moving up the corporate ladder; and, (c) identify any theoretical or empirical gaps in the literature for the purpose of suggesting future areas of scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is â€Å"gender bias against women in the workplace† and the effect (dependent variable) is mobility up the corporate ladder. Example 3 (Review carefully): The purpose of this critical analysis of theoretical and empirical literature is explore the influence of organizational leadership and other factors on organizational performance, in for-profit and not-for profit service organizations, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variables (independent) are â€Å"organizational leadership† and â€Å"other factors†, contextual (intervening or mediating) variables are the type of organization (product versus service) and profit/non-profit, and the effect (dependent variable) is organizational performance. Please note in developing your purpose statement, that the purpose statement begins with The purpose of †¦. and concludes with a statement related to identifying future areas of scholarly inquiry. 9 Instructions: Writing An Overview and Purpose (Follow precisely) *Review Blackboard Forum 5. Use your information and faculty comments for strengthening, as a guide to develop your Overview and Purpose (see items #1-9 below). *Draft 1 is due Week 3. Review Forum 6. You will get a great start if you develop this well. 1. Using the template: a. Develop a preliminary title for the Review and include on the title page. The title should include the main concepts and themes (and/or key theories) for this review. Remember this is a critical analysis of the literature NOT a research study!!!! In no area of this paper, should you refer to this Review of Literature as a research study!!!!!! b. For the Introduction to the Literature, insert a brief subtitle preceding the colon for the level heading: ___: Overview and Purpose. 2. Under the Overview and Purpose, introduce the paper with an â€Å"eye catching† opening sentence for the first paragraph. 3. After the â€Å"eye catching† opening sentence, briefly – describe the topic (problem area, guiding concept, theme). Get to the point – don’t let the reader guess what the review is about a few sentences. 4. Next include brief definitions of each of the major concepts and cite references for these definitions in appropriate APA format. BE BRIEF – this is not the literature but an introduction to it! Anything you present in the introduction is developed in depth in the Review of the Literature. 5. Next, very briefly, attempt to identify how the literature explains these variables and their relationships to other variables. Include as many as possible variables because this will help in constructing a literature map. The map will show relationships between the variables as you describe here. – Begin with the following: The causal variables (independent are) †¦ The effects (dependent/outcome variables are†¦ Contextual (intervening or mediating) variables that further impact the dependent or outcome variables are †¦. 6. Discuss how the topic area was identified and your reasons (point of view) for selecting the topic area to conduct your critical analysis of the literature. Review the Guidelines: How to Start Select a Topic and Overview and Purpose, including purposes identified by Bourner (1996). Begin with the following: The topic area of ____ was selected because___. 7. Explain what you want to know about the topic. Review Hart, 1999, p. 14 (Questions the Review Can Answer). Begin with the following: Some questions to be answered through this critical analysis of the literature are:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8. Answer the following: Is the topic about the problems in a discipline or field of study, the processes in a discipline or field of study, or the practices in a discipline or field of study? Processes can refer to various epistemologic processes to develop knowledge (also See Hart, 1999, p. 14). Introduce this clearly so the reader knows what you are speaking about. Begin with the following: The problem area of †¦ is about†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. Conclude the Overview and Purpose with a clearly formulated statement of purpose of the literature review. Use the examples in the guidelines, as a guide to develop this. Make this clear (see examples in the previous lecture note). Begin with the following and include the ending The purpose of this †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.., and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. Organization of the Review, Scope, and Library Research Plan Organization of the Review Lecture Collect appropriate articles, read critically, identify concepts, theories, and themes, and think about the best way to present your topic. Write these concepts, theories, and themes down (see your Blackboard forum 5 submission and instructor response. Develop a Literature Map. This is a Content Map (Concept Map or Mind Map): All students will have a literature map that will guide the organization of the review and literature search. Build (draw) a visual picture of the concepts and their relationships, which results in a literature map. These evolve from your topic, key concepts, ideas, theme, and/or purpose. Don’t introduce new information or concepts. It should first be introduced in the overview. The literature map is presented in-depth here. There are many methods to organize the review, which often change as you learn more about the topic. Concept Mapping Representing information in diagram form where key words are linked by lines. These lines are then labeled to express the relationship between the terms. The resulting map shows links between key ideas and can then be read through to clarify relationships between key terms. a. Definition and Purpose of a Literature Map. This map is a visual/graphic representation of concepts, ideas, and themes that serve to guide thinking. In this case, the purpose is to guide the search and organizational presentation of your review. This map serves to: i. Develop ideas for your review ii. Show relationships and interrelationships between the concepts, theories, and themes – and if so, what type of relationships iii. Assist in organizing old knowledge and integrating it with new knowledge iv. Guide your literature search plan/strategy v. Identify subtitles (subheadings) to organize your literature review so that you can communicate your ideas systematically. vi. A literature/content map is a creative, intuitive, and artistic endeavor to see how things fit – to generate alternatives. It is also analytical and critical, based on what you are finding in the literature. REVIEW THESE LINKS A simplified explanation of understanding of a Content map is described in the following URL – web link – http://users.edte. utwente. nl/lanzing/cm_home. htm b. Various types of Graphic or Visual Organizers (review this online. Click each box) (you need to have the syllabus downloaded and Internet connection on) |Chain of Events |Clustering |Compare/Contrast | |Continuum |Cycle |Family Tree | |Fishbone |Interaction Outline |Problem/Solution | |Spider |Storyboard |Venn Diagram | Source: http://www. sdcoe. k12. ca. us/score/actbank/sorganiz. htm Other Web sites: Graphic or Visual Organizers Graphic or Visual Organizers: A good site review this online by clicking link. http://edservices. aea7. k12. ia. us/edtech/classroom/workshops/organizers. html http://www. cast. org/ncac/index. cfm? i=3015 http://www. veale. com. au/phd/files/Lit_Map. pdf Some diagrams of content maps are depicted in the following URL web link http://trochim. human. cornell. edu/research/epp2/epp2. htm#Table1 Free Mind Mapping Software (Smart Draw) http://www. smartdraw. com/specials/mindmapping. asp? id=13054 Readings on Mapping Ideas: See Hart, 1999, pp. 142-162 Blackboard’s Assignments Toolbar: See example of literature maps in Assignments – Weeks 1-8 Literature Review (Critical Analysis) 50%. Within this folder is information on PowerPoint Presentation and Student Examples. Most of the student examples include literature maps for RES 702 (RES600) students. Organizing the review of the literature by themes, theories, or major concepts and related concepts provides a â€Å"frame for the central topic† to organize. In this case, you may proceed inductively or deductively. http://trochim. human. cornell. edu/kb/dedind. htm Exercise in Deductive/Inductive thinking: http://www2. sjsu. edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded. html#3b For example, a deductive approach might start with the broader view or concept(s) then move to the specific topic area. Example FOLLOWS: A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature about distance learning. The map shows a deductive pattern of the major themes, using an â€Å"interaction line style† type of graphic organizer. Beginning with the broadest concept of distance education, web-based instruction interacts with student characteristics, which leads to evaluation of effectiveness of web-based instruction in distance education. . . . Other concepts and their relationships to guide the review are . . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Other Organizational Methodologies for Reviews: While RES 702 students are asked to develop literature maps that serve to organize the review, with more scholarly experience and depending upon the topic, you could also present the Review using an â€Å"opposing view† or â€Å"methodological approach†. This is not expected now. c. The literature map generates an outline for the Review of the Literature Review â€Å"Why do an Outline, and Basic Outlining skills: http://www. und. edu/instruct/wstevens/PROPOSALCLASS/PATRAS. html http://www. mnstate. edu/wasson/ed603/ed603lesson5. htm An outline provides a blueprint, skeleton, or a roadmap for the final written review. An outline is an organizational process that is a logical description of the important components of the literature review. It provides a visual and conceptual design for writing. 1. Identify the main points in the order they should be presented. 2. Differentiate each main heading into logical subheadings. 3. Use further subdivisions if necessary. IT IS STRONGLY SUGGESTED THAT YOU INCLUDE A SECTION ON MEASUREMENT OF YOUR MAJOR VARIABLES. REPORT SOME OF THE MAJOR METHODS, TOOLS, OR INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN PRIOR STUDIES TO MEASURE THE KEY CONCEPTS IN YOUR OUTLINE. Notice in the outline that follows, a sub-level heading is measurement of leadership and organizational performance. In the Review of the Literature section, you would then describe the tools whether qualitative or quantitative, and reliability, validity (quantitative tools), and trustworthiness of qualitative tools. Run a Proquest or Google search such as: â€Å"measurement leadership†. This saves you time in the QP and literature in the †dissertation† where you need to know how your variables have been studied and measured. It is best to have MORE detail in these themes. You can always change later. Example of an Outline: (Let us say that the following concepts are present in the literature map which could be Chain of Events, Clustering, or Interaction Outline. This is an example of an outline (quite detailed). It includes the major concepts that can be used for the literature search, and the outline is placed in the 2nd part of this Review (Review of the Literature) to organize how to present the literature. Leadership Classical, Progressive, Risk Leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders; Leadership, Power and Influence; Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership Practice Cultural Issues and Leadership Developing Teams Leading Organizational Change Organizational Leadership Development; Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement Organizational Performance Dimensions of Organizational Performance Organizational Climate Individual Performance Team Performance Supplier/Vendor Perspectives Customer Satisfaction Financial Performance Effectiveness Indicators Performance Driven Organizations Competency Modeling Managing Performance 360 Degree Feedback Collaborative Change Organizational Performance Measurement: Output (Activities) and Outcome (Results) Measures Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Effectiveness 7 Instructions for Writing the Organization of the Review Do not present literature that you reviewed here. Just respond to questions 1-7. 1. After you design the literature map, begin with the statement: A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature in this review about ___. 1. Next, describe the specific type of organizer that you used to design your map (for example, cluster, chain of events, cycle, etc). To do this, you need to review this syllabus on line, and click the different URL links of examples of visual or graphic organizers (review preceding lecture which provides several types). 2. Identify the specific the concepts, theories, and themes that are in your literature map. 3. Next, briefly, describe the relationships between these concepts, theories and themes (such as what leads to what? Which are the causal, outcome and/or intervening variables? Are the concepts organized inductively or deductively? This all refers to the concepts, theories, and themes in your literature map. 4. Next explain that in addition to guiding the literature search, the literature map serves to identify themes, theories, and concepts that will organize the Literature Review. Present these theories, concepts, and themes in outline form, differentiating each main heading into logical subheadings. (Keep it simple). 5. Due for draft 1, go to the next major section (Review of the Literature) – insert these themes/concepts as level headings/sublevel headings in outline form. They serve to organize the Review of the Literature. Use appropriate APA (see p. 113 of APA) level headings. An example using APA level headings, is shown in the next major section of these guidelines. The concepts and themes for the example, uses the outline of themes previously discussed (leadership and organizational performance). 6. Insert the Figure 1, Literature Map at the end of this discussion of the Organization of the Review (before Scope and Context). a. Make sure that you develop your literature map in a software application that can be copied and pasted into your Microsoft word document containing your paper. b. Make sure the map is an appropriate size and fits within the required paper margins. c. The Figure and #, and Title (Literature Map) belong at the bottom, centered: Figure 1 Literature Map Your goal is to have the map well-developed in draft 1 and finalized in (draft 2). It is expected that this map will change as you â€Å"tighten† and â€Å"organize your literature review in the next section† as well as well as in your qualifying paper. Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature map evolves). Scope and Context Lecture This section lets the reader know what is and is not included in your literature review (scope). The topic is described in such a way that an appropriate context for the review of the literature is established, in a meaningful, logical way. The key terms here are included/excluded. You can restate the theories, concepts and constructs that you will include and obvious theories, concepts and constructs you won’t include (Look at your problem and topic area). Identify what might be included in the search in terms of types of organizations (public/private; for-profit, not for profit; service/product; types of businesses, types of educational institutions); populations such as young versus old; gender; cultural groups; countries; or type of occupation. The major types of scholarly literature to review are: empirical studies, review articles (critical analysis), theoretical articles/books, methodological articles, and case studies. These types of literature may be in the form of a book, hard copy journal articles, and electronic journal articles. The following are different types and forms of literature: Periodical Abstract in a primary source, Abstract in a secondary source, Periodical (hard copy), Periodical (electronic), Non-periodical (Book), Non-periodical (chapter in a book), Proceeding of meetings or symposia, Doctoral Dissertations (including abstracts), Unpublished work, Audio-Visuals, Newspaper, Government documents, and Electronic Media. 5 Instructions for Writing the Scope and Context 1. As you write this, discuss what is and is not included. Regarding the topic or problem area, discuss what is and is not included in terms of concepts/theories, applications to different populations and settings. 1. Identify the forms (not types) of publications that are included. You don’t need to name specific articles, but identify the forms of literature to be included. 2. Identify the discipline(s) you are focusing in (e. g. , education, health, business, criminal justice, accounting, sociology)? Included specialized areas within these disciplines, such as: gender theories in sociology, accounting ethics, special education for specified populations, urban violence, etc. 3. Identify the scope in terms of the years (period of time) that your literature review covers and exclusions. 5. Discuss whether you are limiting your review to U. S. literature, and/or Global literature. For global literature, identify the â€Å"countries†. If seminal books are emphasized, include the titles. Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature expands). Library Research Plan and Strategy Lecture THIS IS THE PLAN, NOT THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE!! The review is presented in the second major section (Review of the Literature) Searching the Literature: A good review of the literature is dependent upon knowledge of the use of indexes and abstracts, the ability to conduct exhaustive bibliographic searches, and ability to organize the collected data meaningfully. Information literacy skills assist with information seeking and retrieval methods and scholarly communication. Recognize scholarly and peer reviewed journals (See Week 1 Lecture). The e-Learning tutorials about Lynn Library can assist research students with the development of literature reviews using electronic databases, abstracts, bibliographic software, Internet searching, Library catalogue searching, subject resources, off-campus searching, and research and writing skills. You need to complete the tutorials. Library Research Plan/Strategy: In reporting your library plan/strategy, identify concepts, themes (key words) or descriptors and search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Be consistent with the Literature map concepts and themes. Focus your search on primary scholarly works including: empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry. Recognize the differences between these types of scholarly inquiry. Review dissertation abstracts. Did you do a Lynn Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn)? Did you search selected journals? Did you limit the search to peer-review journals? Did you limit the search to certain years? If you are having difficulty in your library search, you may make an appointment with the Reference Librarian who may assist in building effective search strategies. When visiting the Library, you should come prepared with your search words. Requesting Materials: It is suggested that you read the abstracts before requesting the materials from the Librarian, because certain abstracts may provide enough information to help you make a decision on the material’s relevance. Expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature, that is of value and relevant. While many published review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 â€Å"relevant†, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Don’t use references from â€Å"consulting firms† or firms that are â€Å"promoting† their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. Types and Forms of Literature: Minimum Requirements i. The preference is that you review a variety of types and forms of literature so that you many learn to: ii. Search for and evaluate different types and forms information iii. Integrate a variety of types information in the text of your paper iv. Recognize classic (seminal) works as well as current literature Give yourself time to read the material; do not make a library request for everything at once. Readings: Search Strategy worksheet: http://library. humboldt. edu/infoservices/sstrawrksht. htm http://www. noodletools. com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine. html http://www. lynn. edu/clientuploads/Library/Graduatestudentsmanual. doc 11 Instructions for Writing the Library Research Plan and Strategy In a Review, a discussion of the plan or strategy you used to develop your literature search is presented. Don’t discuss what you â€Å"will† do, but rather â€Å"what you did†. 1. Identify the descriptors (concepts, themes, theories, phrases/key words) used to search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Include â€Å"themes† or groups of words used in the search plan. Add the terms â€Å"theory† or â€Å"research† to your themes when you are searching. You should uses many â€Å"themes† to limit the search. Example of a theme for a library search: â€Å"leadership organizational performance research†. Try to include several themes. 2. Report databases used in your library search. 3. Indicate which of the following types of primary scholarly works were reviewed: empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry (aim to obtain all of these)? 4. Were secondary citations of references used in your paper? Explain Why? Review APA p. 247 to understand a secondary citation of a source. Remember that these need to be limited. In your dissertation, you need to mostly use primary sources of literature. Remember that if you report literature from secondary sources in your paper use (as cited in __). 5. Explain if you reviewed dissertation abstracts (yes/no). If so, on what topics, which abstracts? You should use these. 6. Explain if you did a Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn or where? ) Yes/ or no 7. Provide the titles of the key journals reviewed. (Put these titles in Italics). 8. Indicated whether or not you limited the search to peer-reviewed journals? 9. Indicate if you limited the search to certain years? If so, which years? 10. Refer the reader to the example of a library Search Print-out that you will place in Appendix A. 11. Report any problems encountered in your library search and how these problems were managed. Refine this part with each new draft. Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis Lecture In this last part of the introduction to the literature review, you explain the importance and significance of the Review that will follow. As you read more, you will find more rationale as to why this review is important. Provide a transition sentence from this Introduction to the Review of the Literature. Then end with a statement that explains how the Review will conclude in the Discussion section. Example of concluding statement: As an emerging method of instructional delivery in higher education, and one that continually evolves with the growth in technology, it is important to understand its impact on learning, retention, instruction, and students. This critical analysis of the literature concludes with a summary and interpretation of theoretical, empirical, and methodological literature, conclusions, and recommendations for future scholarly inquiry into web-based instruction in distance education. 4 Instructions for Writing the Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis 1. Discuss if the topic is of limited interest, regional, national, or perhaps of global interest? Explain why? You can include personal interest based on experience and potential applications. 2. Describe why it is worth studying (or examining)? 3. Indicate that the presentation of the Review of the Literature follows 4. Develop a concluding statement (see example above, in lecture) to the effect that a synopsis and interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are presented at the end of the review in the discussion section. Refine this part with each new draft. Review of the Literature About ___ (add your topic) Lecture This is the second major part of this critical analysis. This has a long lecture. Now is the time to write â€Å"your in-depth Literature Review†. You laid the foundations for this section in the Introduction to the Review, to organize your review according to those themes. Present the theoretical literature (theories, model, constructs, concepts) about those themes, and empirical literature (studies) regarding those themes, in a proper manner. Follow the instructions (see presenting theoretical literature, and presenting empirical literature) in this Review of the Literature section. If you present the literature appropriately in this body of the review, then you will have information to present in the Discussion of the Literature. If you don’t, this Review falls apart. Only literature presented in this Review of the Literature can be analyzed in the next section, Discussion of the Literature. You will save a stitch in time, if you follow instructions and learn how to present theories, and how to present studies, including the authors stated limitations and recommendations for future inquiry, in addition to your critique of those studies. †¢ General comments: The theoretical and empirical literature is summarized, analyzed, evaluated, and synthesized in a more in-depth â€Å"coherent† manner within organized headings and sublevel headings. Specifically, information pertaining to theoretical, empirical, methodological, critical review, and case studies about the topic is reported. As reported previously, expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature to present, that is of value and relevant. While many published Review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 â€Å"relevant†, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. This will increase to 50 references in the qualifying paper. It certainly isn’t unusual to have over 100 references in a dissertation. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Don’t use references from â€Å"consulting firms† or firms that are â€Å"promoting† their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. As you present literature in your â€Å"word† document, it is okay to talk to yourself. Make notes in the document to your self. You can use different font colors or highlights for these messages to yourself. o Perhaps you want to leave a message to yourself to review a particular article that you didn’t yet have the chance to review, or o you want to search another theme. o Or you read an article, but didn’t have a chance yet to write about it – jot down notes o Use the word file as a tool where you keep all information in one place. You will find this technique very helpful in developing the qualifying paper, and in developing the your dissertation. The instructor does not mind (and in fact encourages you do to this, even in final copies0. Just make the messages â€Å"neat† – and not to distracting) Of utmost importance, is that you present your review appropriately. Practice doing it correctly immediately or you will be WASTING time (having to redo it later). †¢ Your review must be organized within the headings/sublevel headings. Insert the outline developed in the Introduction to the Review. Make sure that the outline is consistent with the organization of themes, concepts add theories in your literature map. †¢ It is ok if you reorganize or rename the themes, but make the changes if the Organization of the R (and literature map, in the prior section). You want the Introduction to the Review, Review of the Literature, and the Discussion section all to be â€Å"internally consistent† with one another. †¢ Instructions follow on how to present CRITICALLY present, theoretical and empirical literature. FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS. Quotations and Paraphrasing and Critical Analysis †¢ This is a literature review, and not your opinion.

England :: essays research papers

History of England The Ice Age ended about 8000 BC, during which the Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons lived in Great Britain. Because of the melting ice the water level rose and the English Channel was created, making Great Britain an island. The Middle Stone Age passed in this new forest and swamp, followed by the New Stone Age when the practice of farming began. During this period a lot of new people came to Britain. By 2500 BC the Beaker people had moved there. They were named after their pottery, and noted for their bronze tools and huge stone monuments, like Stonehenge. These Monuments prove they had an excellent economic organization as well as their technical skill and ability. Around 1000 BC the Celts took over the British Isles, they also took over most of western Europe. Because of their iron plows, iron weapons, and horse-drawn chariots, they were able to take over the inhabitants of the islands. Their priests dominated their society. King Alfred became king of Wessex in one of England's darkest hours. The Danes, viking forces that had raided the English coasts in the 8th century, planned to take over England. All that stood in their way were Wessex and Alfred. After Alfred's victory at Edington in 878 AD he made the Danish king Guthrum accept baptism and a division of England took place. The two parts were Wessex and Danelaw. By creating a navy, reorganizing the militia, allowing warriors to switch between farming and fighting, and building forts, Alfred was able to take over London and begin to take over tthe Danish. The battel to take over the Danish was completed by Alfred's son, Edward the Elder, and by his grandson Athelstan. Athelstan won a battle at Brunanburth in 937 AD and most of the rest of the century was peaceful. Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury was able to restore the Church. The conquest of the Danelaw meant the creation of unified government for all of England. Despite this the Danish invasions came again during Ethelred II's reign. In 1154 Henry II took the throne. During his reign he strengthened the government, developed the common law, created the grand jury, and attempted to reduce the jurisdiction of church courts. He was opposed by Thomas Becket, his former chancellor, who King Henry had made archbishop. His anger at Becket led to his murder. His empire included half of France and lordship over Ireland and Scotland.

Research on Music Piracy

Research on music piracy A Proposal Submitted to Ms. Rupal Khambhati Faculty (S. R. Luthra Institute Of Management) BY Farhan 14 Divyesh 23 Huzefa 15 Pratik 31 Bhaumik 58 Hardik 05 November 13, 2011 Executive Summary: In today’s technological era, the music industry is in a crisis. Music is being downloaded illegally more than ever . Rising costs for music coupled with a lack of guilt for pirating music has caused music piracy rates to skyrocket. Be it classical, typical , rock and roll or pop. The research is also about that every student has the ability to access free music through music piracy because of the wide variety of sites offering it. The problem: The real problem in the music industry is the fact that music costs more than what people want to pay for it. The problem of piracy has arisen with the rapid advance of technology. There are various sites offering free music to people so why pay for the thing which you are already getting it free of cost. The lack of proper patent laws or more correctly, the enforcement of these laws allow the perpetrators of this crime to get away scott-free. Due to this rampant piracy, the government is deprived of tax revenues, jobs are lost and research and innovation never take place. The maximum amount of illegal downloading is done by youngsters in the age group of 20 -25 years. As long as this group does not take note of the losses suffered by the artists, music companies and the government due to this menace, no concrete step can be taken to counter the loss. Research objective: Our research objective is to collect information from students that why do they prefer downloading music illegally rather than purchasing it or what would induce them to obtain music legally. We believe that most students in questionnaire will say that they have downloaded music illegally and a significant amount of their music is pirated. The interesting part of our research will be the part about guilt and which alternative method they prefer. Another very interesting result will be the final question, which method of distributing music would cause people to be more likely to purchase music legally. .Literature review: One study conducted by Alejandro Zentner found that because of the easy accessibility to free illegal music, the likelihood for someone to legally purchase music decreases between 35-65% (Zentner 2005). Music piracy is relevant to students because it is found in that illegal music pirating is highest in College and High School Students. There is also an almost peer pressure to pirate music because it seems as if everyone else is doing it and there are virtually no consequences. (Ingram 2008) (Mallin 2009). Boorstin (2004) collected data from the Census in three different years from various cities and regresses the CD sales on each city on the number of people with internet access finding that people who are under 24 with internet access tend to decrease their CD consumption. Peitz and Waelbroeck (2004) build their data from 16countries and they try to figure the effects of digital downloading on physical music sales. In their findings they conclude that among the factors that influence sales is the GDP growth, Mp3 downloads and the availability of broadband. Levi, Dato-on and Rhee (2004) try to identify how consumer ethics are connected to music piracy by conducting both qualitative and quantitative research to a sample of college students. Their findings prove that people who download have little ethical concern and they also believe that their action will harm neither the record company nor the artist. Benefits Of Study: ? To increase public education and awareness regarding piracy. ? Finding various alternatives to curb piracy such as creation of separate music websites which will reduce the operating cost for distributing and can make very large profits by putting advertisements on the website. ? To get opinions and ideas from people as what steps they think should be taken to stop piracy and design a suitable system to curb piracy on the basis of that. The items that counterfeiters and pirates produce are often substandard, sometimes endangering the lives of those who purchase them. These illicit activities steal market share from legitimate businesses and undermine innovation, with negative implications for economic growth. ? This research is important because when finally proposing a solution, the approval of the populations that download music at the highest rates, which is college students, should be taken into serious consideration. Also since there is so little research as to the correlation between different demographics besides age done, my research can help to find if there is a correlation and if there is, it can be useful to target certain methods for eradicating piracy within a population. Research design: †¢ Data collection design: ? Type of study Informative study It helps us to find solutions to the problem through various suggestions and answers obtained through questionnaire ? Data type Primary data The data which we are going to obtain is fresh as various students will share their suggestions and answers through questionnaire prepared by us. ? Data collection tool Questionnaire †¢ Sampling design: ? Sampling frame As the survey is related to music piracy, so mainly students from college background are surveyed ? Sample size In sample size we would like to take 50 students Bibliography: Frost, R. L. (2007). Rearchitecting the music business: Mitigating music piracy by cutting out the record companies. First Monday, 12(8). Retrieved from http://firstmonday. org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index. php/fm/article/view/1†¦ Ingram, J. R. & Hinduja, S. (2008). Neutralizing Music Piracy: An Empirical Examination. DevianBehavior,29(4), Kusek, D. , & Leonhard, G. (2005). The future of music: Manifesto for the digital music revolution. Boston: Berklee Press. Malin, J. , & Fowers, B. J. (2009). Adolescent self-control and music and movie piracy. Computers in Human Behavior, 718-722. Retrieved from http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VDC-4VHXDV8-1†¦

Boys don’t play with dolls’ Essay

The Vietnam War is still the United States’ most famous (or infamous) war even if new conflicts have risen over the years. The numerous films made about the Vietnam War are a testament to its fame (or infamy). This paper would be a review of two internet sites reviewing the cause of conflict, social stratification, type of conflict, and how the war ended. According to vietnampix. com the war on Vietnam started because of the splitting of the country. The French used to dominate Vietnam but when they were defeated, the country was divided into two. Sometime between 1955 and 1960, the communist occupied North Vietnam tried to invade the Democratic South. Aided by two other communist countries China and Russia, the North was determined to conquer the whole country. Fearing the spread of communism, the US had to interfere. (The Vietnam War Background). Social Stratification had a big role in the war; in fact, it is part of the cause. Communism is based on a form of society where everybody else is equal, except for the officials. Democracy on the other hand believes in open opportunities for all. Not being able to agree on this divided the country which would eventually lead to the Vietnam War. The type of conflict of the Vietnam War is a mixture of different types. It was first a revolution against France which has ruled the country for a long time. And then it became a Civil War as the country was divided into two halves—the communist North and the democratic South led by Ngo Dinh Diem. (Vietnam. vassar. edu). It quickly became a feud of all sorts when America decided to take part in the war in order to stop the spread of communism in the world. On paper, the conflict was ended through the Paris Peace Agreement in January 1973 but hostilities between opposing forces were still happening. (Vietnam. vassar. edu). The result of the conflict were, a rare US loss, millions of lives gone, and a country devastated. References Vietnampix. com (n. d). The Vietnam War: Background. Retrieved June 25, 2009. from: http://www. vietnampix. com/intro. htm Vassar College (n. d). The Wars of Vietnam. Retrieved June 25, 2009. from: http://vietnam. vassar. edu/overview. html

The advantages and disadvantag essays

The advantages and disadvantag essays The advantages and disadvantages of cellphone People need to commune with eachother they are afraid of being alone. One of the way how to be in touch with the world is to own a mobile phone. First of all a mobil phone is easy to use. You do not need any special knowledge reading the manual is enough. Little children to grandparents everybody are able to use it. Secondly the network area is far and wide so you can use the mobile phone almost eveywhere. For example if you are far away from the civilisation and involve in an accident, you can call help using your cellphone. Thirdly it is comfortable. It fits easely into your pocket, so you can carry it on everywhere. Naturally you must switch it off in some places, for example in the movies. You can also send e-mails, visit you bank account or even pay your bills using the cellphone. But there are some disadvantages of using cellphone. For example in the end of the month you recive bill, which always is bigger then you planned. Some of the scientists say that using the mobile phone causes cancer or is bad for your health in some other way. For example there are some cases of exploding batterys. Cellphones cost quite lot. So you must be careful because you might loose it and buying a new one is expensive. Finnaly, inspite of the bad sides of using cellphone, it is a good invention and is helpful and gives you opportunity to be in touch with your friends and family. ...

Spectroscopy Introduction

Spectroscopy Introduction Spectroscopy is a technique that uses the interaction of energy with a sample to perform an analysis. What Is a Spectrum? The data that is obtained from spectroscopy is called a spectrum. A spectrum is a plot of the intensity of energy detected versus the wavelength (or mass or momentum or frequency, etc.) of the energy. What Information Is Obtained? A spectrum can be used to obtain information about atomic and molecular energy levels, molecular geometries, chemical bonds, interactions of molecules, and related processes. Often, spectra are used to identify the components of a sample (qualitative analysis). Spectra may also be used to measure the amount of material in a sample (quantitative analysis). What Instruments Are Needed? Several instruments are used to perform spectroscopic analysis. In simplest terms, spectroscopy requires an energy source (commonly a laser, but this could be an ion source or radiation source) and a device for measuring the change in the energy source after it has interacted with the sample (often a spectrophotometer or interferometer). What Are Some Types of Spectroscopy? There are as many different types of spectroscopy as there are energy sources! Here are some examples: Astronomical Spectroscopy Energy from celestial objects is used to analyze their chemical composition, density, pressure, temperature, magnetic fields, velocity, and other characteristics. There are many energy types (spectroscopies) that may be used in astronomical spectroscopy. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Energy absorbed by the sample is used to assess its characteristics. Sometimes absorbed energy causes light to be released from the sample, which may be measured by a technique such as fluorescence spectroscopy. Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy This is the study of substances in thin films or on surfaces. The sample is penetrated by an energy beam one or more times, and the reflected energy is analyzed. Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and the related technique called frustrated multiple internal reflection spectroscopy are used to analyze coatings and opaque liquids. Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy This is a microwave technique based on splitting electronic energy fields in a magnetic field. It is used to determine structures of samples containing unpaired electrons. Electron Spectroscopy There are several types of electron spectroscopy, all associated with measuring changes in electronic energy levels. Fourier Transform Spectroscopy This is a family of spectroscopic techniques in which the sample is irradiated by all relevant wavelengths simultaneously for a short period of time. The absorption spectrum is obtained by applying mathematical analysis to the resulting energy pattern. Gamma-ray Spectroscopy Gamma radiation is the energy source in this type of spectroscopy, which includes activation analysis and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy The infrared absorption spectrum of a substance is sometimes called its molecular fingerprint. Although frequently used to identify materials, infrared spectroscopy also may be used to quantify the number of absorbing molecules. Laser Spectroscopy Absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy commonly use laser light as an energy source. Laser spectroscopies provide information about the interaction of coherent light with matter. Laser spectroscopy generally has high resolution and sensitivity. Mass Spectrometry A mass spectrometer source produces ions. Information about a sample may be obtained by analyzing the dispersion of ions when they interact with the sample, generally using the mass-to-charge ratio. Multiplex or Frequency-Modulated Spectroscopy In this type of spectroscopy, each optical wavelength that is recorded is encoded with an audio frequency containing the original wavelength information. A wavelength analyzer can then reconstruct the original spectrum. Raman Spectroscopy Raman scattering of light by molecules may be used to provide information on a samples chemical composition and molecular structure. X-ray Spectroscopy This technique involves excitation of inner electrons of atoms, which may be seen as x-ray absorption. An x-ray fluorescence emission spectrum may be produced when an electron falls from a higher energy state into the vacancy created by the absorbed energy.

Wal-Mart to open new Super center in Tarpon Springs, Florida Essay

Wal-Mart to open new Super center in Tarpon Springs, Florida - Essay Example Wal-Mart has been one of the most profitable companies in the world, yet a growing movement among local citizens and leaders could cost the company valuable time, extensive legal fees, and a potential boycott among the locals in this traditional small city. Despite working with local and state officials in acquiring the proper zoning and building permits, Wal-Mart has faced an unexpected obstacle. Known as the U.S. base for the Greek-Orthodox religion, and a quaint area known for its exquisite sponges, traditional sponge-divers, and small Greek shops and restaurant, Tarpon Springs has amassed a unique culture. So, when Wal-Mart announced in 2004, that it was opening a Super center, opponents lined up to try to stop it. Armed with a piece of restrictive growth legislation titled "Statute 163," the non-profit citizens' group, Concerned Citizens, has raised tens of thousands of dollars to block the expansion. By February 1, 2006 this group has spent over $100,000 in legal expensesiii. Headed by the umbrellas organization, Friends of the Anclote River, and founders, Helen and William Gladwin, citizens' groups continue to fight and have placed the Tarpon Springs City Council in an uncomfortable positioniv.

Sodium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sodium - Essay Example Despite the fact that sodium is very significant to the body, too much intake can have adverse effects especially on individuals who are sensitive to sodium. Excessive consumption of sodium can lead to hypertensions which can cause complex health problems (Gazzaniga 23). Sodium helps in muscle and nerve function because it is a mineral that has an electrical charge or electrolyte. The electrolyte facilitates transmission of nerve cells and muscle contraction. For example sodium ions such as chloride and potassium trigger nerve impulses and muscle contractions when the change places across cell membranes. Sodium maintains fluid balance in the body. For example, via its ions (potassium), it attracts water to itself which ensures that hydration level in the body is optimal. It is significant to note that sodium is found in food such as fish, meat, pickled foods, olives, eggs, table salt, dairy foods and poultry (Gazzaniga 45). Excessive overdose of sodium causes hypertension which can cause many health problems. However, deficiency of sodium in the body can lead to serious health problems. For instance, deficiency of sodium in the body leads to hyponatremia which means the body can not be in a position to regulate sodium.

The Functions of Gendar and Power within our Society Essay

The Functions of Gendar and Power within our Society - Essay Example Because the body image is integral to identity, for a woman to protest that these expectations are not realistic and perversely adolescent is to admit she does not possess it. In The Beauty Myth, Naomi Wolf (2000) states that a womans compulsion to diet and wear makeup can largely be blamed on a society that assigns value to women in a vertical hierarchy according to a culturally imposed physical standard. It is an expression of power relations that has women competing for the privileges of employment and status that men have secured as rightfully theirs (Wolf, 2000), and in a comfortably patriarchal society is important to control those women whom second wave feminism would have otherwise made relatively uncontrollable. As long as women are compelled to wear makeup and conform to an elusive beauty archetype, the seeds of the feminine essence remain. The expectation firmly places women below men in the gender order, as the sex which must prove its femininity in order to enter the masculine realm of employment, politics and to gain power (Ragins, 1999). In conclusion, the power relations in the gender order still remain in favor of man. Early feminists believed that femininity contrasted many womens lived experience, but it was not exposed as a false ideology, rather the women who questioned it were exposed as unfeminine. Women across the world experience gender discrimination in different forms and cultural stages, and even though gender impartiality is becoming stronger by the decade, this social difference is still deeply in control of cultural practice around the world, particularly in Africa, the Middle East and oriental Asian states such as China. Inequity next to women in the developing world is an overwhelming authenticity. It consequences in millions of entity tragedies, which add up to lost prospective for whole countries. (Mullins, 2005) Worldwide studies have exposed there is a direct connection between financial growth and a countries

Development of Car Environment Light System (CELS)

Development of Car Environment Light System (CELS) Chapter 2 STATE OF ART Chapter 2 introduces all the important fundamentals this thesis is based on, in order to provide a better understanding of the concepts related to AmbiLight system, image processing using JAVA and OpenCV libraries. Initially, the general architecture of the AmbiLight system is explained elaborating each modules and components of the system. Going further, the basics of image processing, its need and various techniques of image processing are discussed. Finally, the chapter focuses on JAVA and OpenCV libraries which will be used to implement the image processing techniques. 2.1 AMBILIGHT SYSTEM The AmbiLight system is a Car Environment Light System (CELS) designed to dynamically adapts to the driving situation and enhances the orientation and perception of the passenger compartment in vehicles. Light sources are integrated in the roof liner in-order to create the ambience. These light sources are fed with colour information by the scanning devices attached to the vehicle to capture the colours of the outside environment. Hence, the colour of the light emitted by the lightings in the roof liner can dynamically adapt to the outside environment in real-time. Thus, the CELS provides an enlargement of the visual perception. In particular, the effect is created as the colours displayed by the lightings correspond to the view from the window. Therefore, by looking out of the window, one perceives the coloured light as an extension of the window. This thesis is part of the TUM CREATE joint research programme. The programme is funded by the National Research Foundation of Singapore and executed by the two universities, namely, Technische Università ¤t Mà ¼nchen from Germany and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Apart from other research topics, one of the major goals of TUM CREATE is to design and build the world’s first purpose-built electric taxi. The AmbiLight system will also provide the driver and the passengers a pleasant spatial atmosphere thereby creating a feel-good experience psychologically. It also improves the orientation within the vehicle, facilitating the search for things. The below section will cover the design of the Car Environment Light System (CELS). The general system structure of the CELS is also specified. Fig.1 Architecture of the AmbiLight system The design of the Car Environment Light System comprises of camera(s), a computer, a micro-controller unit (MCU) and LED strip which act as the colour display. The camera(s) take images of the car’s surrounding environment. By running a program the computer will acquire and process the images that are captured by the camera(s). The program also determines the representative colours that will be emitted by the LEDs by means of several implemented calculations. The LED-strip is mounted in the roof liner of the car. This arrangement in conjunction with the correspondence of the light colour results in the perception of a larger view. In the below section we will discuss in detail about the design of the input component the camera, the processing unit CPU, the micro-controller unit the arduino and the output component the LED strips. 1. Design of the Input Component This section discusses the realization of the input component. Also the input data types are also discussed. In order to create the enlargement of the perceptual view, the CELS needs to adapt to particular changes in the environment. This comprises of the illuminance, colour and motion. Thus, images as holistic visual information have to be considered to function as CELS input data. Cameras are used since they satisfy the requirement of providing images of the present. Google provides different online services such as Street View which systematically takes and saves images with its geographic parameters, like the GPS coordinates and the cardinal direction. Hence these images can be utilized in a deliberate manner [Goo12]. The Street View data base covers most of Singapore’s streets, hence permitting the possible operation of the CELS. Summarizing, apart from cameras, Google Street View can also be used as a input device providing real-time input data for the CELS, if the vehicle movement is defined as the only changing parameter. Since the Street View images are stored online, access to the internet must be ensured. In general, this does not present a big challenge, as the automotive human-machine interface, which was presented in Section 1.5, provides internet access via a 3G connection. However, the use is still problematic due to the risk of low connectivity or even complete loss of either the mobile or the GPS signal. This would result in asynchronous data, which obviously deteriorates the pursued effect. But, relying on Google Street View implies a disadvantage. Buildings are generally not frequently teared down and constructed again. Walking people and driving cars for instance however are in motion, hence are not considered by the Street View images. The designed CELS, being the first prototype, the achievement of the maximum effect possible is preferable. Consequently, the dynamic features of the environment have to be considered in the calculation of the representative colour. Otherwise, the enlargement of the visual perception could be impaired. Due to this fact, the input component has been realized with a camera. 2. Design of the Processing Component In-order to cater various features and needs of the vehicle, the system relies on a centralized Car PC with a multitude of input and output possibilities. TANK-700-QM67 is chosen as the Car PC. The TANK-700-QM67 provides high performance and cost-effective solutions. The high performance TANK-700-QM67 fanless embedded system is furnished with powerful computing capability, video capture, dual display, flexible I/O configuration, and long product life support. It supports Intel Mobile Core i7/i5/i3 processors and full feature I/O such as Gigabit Ethernet, two high-speed USB 3.0 ports and optional 8 channel video/audio capture and IEEE802.11a/b/g/n wireless module.It also supports DDR3 memory up to 4GB. The TANK-700 embedded computer is fit for high performance embedded controller and rugged environments. These features ensure complex programs written using high-level programming languages like C, C++ or Java can be processed effectively. 3. Design of the MCU Arduino as SPI-Interface For the processing unit to communicate with the output device, here, the LEDs of the LED strip, a MCU is used. Its task is the communication with the LED drivers via the SPI bus. For this purpose, the Arduino board has been used. It is an open-source computing platform which is based on a microcontroller board [Ard13] and is illustrated in Figure 5.1. In particular, the used Arduino Uno model utilizes the 8-bit ATmega 328 microcontroller from Atmel Corporation. Apart from other features, the ATmega 328 has a 16 MHz processor and 32 kBytes of programmable flash memory [Atm12]. Moreover, it supports the required SPI interface. An integrated UART enables the RS-232 serial communication with the computer. Fig.2 Arduino UNO board Arduino Environment The Arduino board comes with its own environment, particularly an integrated development environment (IDE) and programming language. The Arduino programming language is a set of commands, which facilitates the programming of microcontrollers. This is achieved by simplifying the AVR C programming language, which the Arduino originates from. In addition, the Arduino programming language bundles several native commands to single command in some cases. The Arduino software is published as open source. This ensures programmers to develop and offer C++ libraries which can expand the functionality of the Arduino software [Ard13]. FastSPI Library FastSPI, a third-party library has been used to facilitate the control of LED-strips. It provides several distinct commands to configure and control LED-strips. Moreover, characteristics of different LED-drivers are integrated. Thus, the library allows a fast adaptation of the existing code to different LED-strips. The library version from the October, 14th, 2012 bas been used for the implementation of the process structure. 4. Design of the Output Component LEDs are suitable for interior lightings due to their minimal size, long service life, low power consumption and also quick response. The specification of the LED-strip is discussed in the following section. RGB-LEDs In order to achieve the necessary colour environment adaptation, the LEDs need to be capable of emitting different colours. For this purpose, the LED strip that utilize RGB-LEDs that is able to display up to 16.7 million different colours by mixing the three primary colours red, green and blue is chosen. Individually addressable The LEDs of the LED-strip are individually addressable to enable a smooth light colour adaptation over the whole roof liner. This enables the control of both the brightness and the colour of each LED. 12 V input voltage To avoid the necessity of additional devices such as voltage converters, the compatibility to the 12V auxiliary power grid is preferable. LPD8806 LED driver has been used. It offers SPI communication interface having a LED density of 32 LEDs/m Amount of LEDs Two parameters have been taken into account for determining the Amount of LEDs. They are 1. LED density 32 LEDs per meter or a LED distance of 31.3 mm has been assumed for the calculation of the total amount of LEDs.